Chia seeds (Salvia hispanica L.): A therapeutic weapon in metabolic disorders (2024)

Conclusively, chia seeds components are played important role in chronic diseases that approved by different previous studies.

TABLE 1

Nutritional composition of chia seeds.

3.1. Fiber

Fiber is an insoluble carbohydrate for our body (Mudgil & Barak,²⁰¹³). It is present in edible plants like fruits, vegetables, grains, and legumes (Khan et al.,²⁰⁰⁷). Fiber is of two types including soluble and insoluble. Cellulose, a type of fiber that present in grains, fruits, vegetables, nuts, and beans, that cannot digest in our body (Gidley & Yakubov,²⁰¹⁹). It passes through the body without digestion and reducing constipation or helping in maintaining a healthy GI tract. It also aid in and rinsing the cholesterol and cancer‐causing chemicals from our body (Holscher,²⁰¹⁷). Chia seeds carry 40% fiber that brings them to the top of the list in providing more fiber (Reyes‐Caudillo et al.,²⁰⁰⁸). Soaked seeds carry dietary fiber. Its present in the form of a gel that helps the stool in its movement. Fiber improves the motion of stool. Soluble fiber rises the volume and bulkiness of feces that regulates blood sugar level, body weight, and cholesterol level, and the health of the colon also acts as antiaging (Grancieri et al.,²⁰¹⁹; Rahim et al., ²⁰²¹). Wet chia seeds are sticky in nature, due to mucilage and digestible fiber. These are useful in controlling blood sugar after eating, and provide satiety. Earlier studies claimed that soluble fiber can upgrade the consistency of digestive material so connected with health benefits to humans (Table2). Artificial tools were designed to see the assimilation of mucilage in chia seeds. Three amounts of mucilage were used 3, 5, and 8g/kg to assess the differences in the digestion process. Mucilage had a tremendous capacity to hold water (Lazaro et al.,²⁰¹⁸).

3.2. Antioxidants

Antioxidants are substances that slow down oxidation. Oxidation, a process that creates free radicals in a series that can also harm cells. The phytochemicals including antioxidants, phenolic compound and ascorbic acid that function to stop oxidation process (Aversa et al.,²⁰¹⁶). Foods including vegetables and fruits, are superior sources of photochemicals thats known to be good for health (Ignat et al.,²⁰¹¹). Chia seed is a feasible source of phytochemicals having chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, myricetin, quercetin, and kaempferol, which are assumed to have a defensive reaction for the heart and liver, and also have age‐defying and anticancerous properties (Melo et al.,²⁰¹⁹; Ullah et al.,²⁰¹⁶). Small‐size chia seeds have immune‐boosting effects by having microchemicals and omega‐3 fatty acids. It lowers the sensitivity and swelling reactions through maintenance (Lokhande et al.,²⁰¹⁹). A dessert of chia seeds can make to enhancing the concumption of chia seeds. The second radiant zone of chia seeds is their rich amount of phytonutrients (Table2). Hence, scientists accepted during the discussion that taking additives of these chemicals will effect one’s life productively (da Silva Marineli et al.,²⁰¹⁴). Another study showed that, these chemicals have a defensive reaction against the creation of harmful substances for cells (Pellegrini et al.,²⁰¹⁸).

3.3. Phenolic compounds

Phenols are a group of chemical substances having one or more hydroxyl groups (OH) linked to an aromatic hydrocarbon (Nomura et al.,²⁰⁰²). These are categorized on the basis of a number of phenolic groups present in a compound. Phenolic components are a major category of plant derivatives and are separated as phenolic acids and polyphenols. These are present in combination with mono‐ and polysaccharides, having one or more phenolic groups, which may turn out as ester or methyl esters (Kumar & Goel,²⁰¹⁹). Phenolic acids, flavonoids, and tannins are termed principal nutritional phenolic components in comparison to other categories of phenolic compounds (Stalikas,²⁰⁰⁷). A powerful and productive connection between phenolic components and photochemical capability of fruits and vegetables is proved by several studies (Rajashekar et al.,²⁰⁰⁹). The plant‐based mechanism is of vital importance for the limitation of lipid oxidation in living tissues because when this is added to the diet of individuals, it improves the way of living and also lowered the chance of happening disorders. The more fruits and vegetables in food can play a role in slowing the age‐defying process, reduction in swelling and oxidative stress causing long‐lasting disorders including cardiovascular diseases, arteriosclerosis, cancer, diabetes, cataract, cognitive function, and neurological disorders (Minatel et al.,²⁰¹⁷). Phenolic and polyphenolic components alone or in relation to vitamins, like carotenoids, vitamin E, and vitamin C, are reducers that safeguard the special tissues of humans from oxidative stress. Fruits and vegetables have plenty of antioxidants, most commonly polyphenols. Caffeic and rosmarinic acids (Capitani et al.,²⁰¹²; Reyes‐Caudillo et al.,²⁰⁰⁸) are phenolic substances and previously recognized in chia‐based things; they have a key function in the inhibition and controlling many congenital diseases just like epilepsy (Martínez‐Cruz & Paredes‐López,²⁰¹⁴). Oliveira‐Alves et al.(²⁰¹⁷) showed that phenolic components from profit‐oriented samples of chia seeds, flour, dietary fiber, and oil were separated using different technologies. The mixture of raw and compounded were examined, major substances present were phenolic and caffeic acid, and danshensu and their secondary metabolites like rosmarinic and salvianolic acids. Total phenolic compounds were more in dissolved solutions. These outcomes provided updated knowledge about chia seeds and their phenolic profile, which was mainly phytochemicals and fibers for stopping oxidative stress and disorders caused by it (Scapin et al.,²⁰¹⁶). Table2 shows the health benefits of chia seeds' phenolic compounds.

3.4. Omega‐3 fatty acid

Omega‐3 fatty acids, also known as omega‐3 oils, ω‐3 fatty acids, or n‐3 fatty acids, are unsaturated fats distinguished characterized by the existence of a double bond, three atoms apart from the side methyl group in its chemical composition (Innis,²⁰⁰⁸). Mainly these are key components in the digestion of animal fats and also play a vital function in human food and physical functioning (Cholewski et al.,²⁰¹⁸). These are divided into three types including α‐linolenic acid (ALA), present in plants, and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) both are widely present in fish oils (Dyall,²⁰¹⁵). Simple sources of herbal oils having ALA are walnut, wholesome seeds, chia seed, clary sage seed oil, flaxseed oil, Sacha Inchi oil, Echium oil, and hemp oil (Simopoulos,²⁰⁰²). Vertebrates are not able to produce ALA; they attain ALA from plants' food only. However, they utilize ALA, when accessible, to synthesize EPA and DHA, form extra double bonds on its terminal carbon chain (unsaturation), and expand them (expansion). Specifically, ALA (18 carbons chain and 3 double bonds) is manipulated to create EPA (20 carbons and 5 double bonds), then that is work to form DHA (22 carbon atoms and 6 double bonds) (Adeyemi et al.,²⁰²⁰). The branching capability of omega‐3 fatty acids by ALA can be weakened in oldness. Omega‐3fattyacids revealed to oxygen are more at risk to be spoil and oxidize (Veena et al.,²⁰¹⁷). One of the distinctive features of chia seeds is their high levels of omega‐3 fatty acids good for cardiac health. Omega‐3 alpha‐linolenic acids (ALA) are about 75% and 20% omega‐6 fatty acids present in chia seeds. It is an effortless way to boost your mental health by just consuming chia seeds. Previous study showed that eating more omega‐3 than omega‐6 will lower infections and swelling of your body. A little ratio of omega‐3 fatty acid is linked with a decreased chance of many long‐lasting diseases like heart problem, cancer, inflammation, and premature deaths (Saini & Keum,²⁰¹⁸).

3.5. Peptides

Peptides are formed by linking 2 and 50 amino acids together, with peptide bonds. Ten or fifteen amino acids are joined to form oligopeptides and may also dipeptides, tripeptides, and tetrapeptides. Amino acids are the basic unit of proteins, but proteins have more amino acids in them (Gentilucci et al.,²⁰¹⁰). Peptides are lower in molecular weight so are more smoothly consumed than proteins. The different kinds of peptides are ribosomal peptides that normally performing the hormonal function. These peptides are generated by the cells until “propeptides” or “proproteins” are shortened before departing the cell. They are liberated into the blood to execute signaling roles (Gu et al.,²⁰¹¹). Peptides are cellular entities consisting of amino acids that are responsible for regulating functional systems in our body. Multidimensional protein identification tecnologies are used for multiple purpose like their relevancy in medicines, peptide hormones, amyloid composition, self‐building compositions, colloidal gels, and peptide associates as well as lipo‐peptides and polymer–peptide conjoined. Plant proteins may achieve or substitute animal proteins as a best source of necessary essential amino acids, (Montoya‐Rodríguez et al.,²⁰¹⁵). Chia seeds have conatined around 19% protein. Its consider to be a good source of proteins. Chia seeds have elevated levels of proteins and necessary amino acids, therefore these are a favorable source of functional peptides. The structure and useful outcomes of protein and peptides in chia seeds (S. hispanica L.), have possible influences on human health. The details were applied to explore the peptides' functional capability. Of total proteins, 20 are classified in chia seeds. These are a consistent part of plant's basal metabolism (Gómez‐Favela et al.,²⁰¹⁷). Examination of amino acid order exhibited that peptides with functional capability have dipeptidyl peptidase‐IV inhibitors, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors, and antioxidant ability. The beneficial chia seed effects are linked to humans by having the antioxidant ability, antihypertensive, antihyperglycemic, and anticholesterolemic reactions. These connections are may be linked with chia protein and peptide structures (Grancieri et al.,²⁰¹⁹).

3.6. Vitamins

Vitamin is a natural substance that is an indispensable micronutrient that an organism requires in low amounts for the appropriate activity of its cellular functions (Zempleni et al.,²⁰¹³). All necessary vitamins are not be produced inside the body. These vitamins take from different foods. Vitamins are one of many organic nutrients, which are required in low amounts, for the maintenance of health and growth at an advanced level of animal life (McDowell,²⁰⁰⁸). Vitamins are different in a number of ways from other functionally significant molecules like proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. These molecules are also essential for the regular functioning of organisms, most of them are manufactured in sufficient amounts by animals. Vitamins are not formed by the body in enough amounts to fulfill the demands of the body therefore it is necessarily to gained through diet or some artificial means (Halver,²⁰⁰³). Vitamins also contradict the other biomolecules. Therefore, these are comparatively less required in proportions to accomplish their roles. Commonly they are regulators and activators in nature that accelerating and managing all the integral chemical reactions in the body (Panzeca et al.,²⁰⁰⁶).

The seeds contain high amounts of B vitamins including niacin (883 mg/100 g), folic acid (49 mg/100 g), thiamine (0.62 mg/100 g), and riboflavin (0.17 mg/100 g) (Olivos‐Lugo et al.,²⁰¹⁰). Kulczyński et al.(²⁰¹⁹) found that chia seeds contain vitamin E as tocopherols: α‐tocopherol (8 mg/kg of lipids), γ‐tocopherol (422 mg/kg of lipids), and δ‐tocopherol (15 mg/kg of lipids). Chia seeds are rich source of several important minerals. Chia seeds are good for boosting the metabolism. Apart from this, their high levels of omega‐6 acids in absorbing fat‐soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K (Muñoz et al.,²⁰¹³).

3.7. Minerals

Minerals are earthly components that are necessary for natural bodywork, functioning, and development. Our body requires several minerals. These are known as essential minerals (Miller,²⁰¹⁷). These are categorized into substantial elements (macronutrients) and trace elements (micronutrients). Both of these have identical significance, but microelements are desired in minor quantity than the major elements (Turan et al.,²⁰⁰³).

Chia seeds are an extraordinary origin of numerous fundamental minerals but an imperfect source of vitamins. These are abundant in manganese, phosphorus, copper, selenium, iron, magnesium, and calcium. Similar to vitamins, minerals keep you healthy and also aid in the growth and development of the body. The body utilizes minerals to carry out various activities, from the construction of powerful bones to the traveling of nerve impulses. However, different minerals are used to form hormones or for the normalization of a heartbeat (Bailey et al.,²⁰¹¹). Chia seeds exceptionally have a high amount of numerous necessary minerals but are not a good source of vitamins. These have high levels of magnesium, calcium, manganese, phosphorus, copper, selenium, and iron (da Silva et al.,²⁰¹⁷). Whole meals and grains are abundant in manganese, which is needed for ingestion, digestion, maturation, and progression (Aschner & Dorman,²⁰⁰⁶). Normally present in foods that are high in proteins (chia seed). Phosphorus provides health to bones and helps sustain tissues (Takeda et al.,²⁰¹²). As a mineral that is frequently deficient in recent foodstuffs. Copper is crucial for cardiac health (Allen & Klevay,¹⁹⁹⁴). A major phytonutrient (selenium), is responsible for different systems in our body (Rayman,²⁰¹²). Magnesium is mostly insufficient in Western food. it performs a vital role in various bodily mechanisms (Blaszczyk & Duda‐Chodak,²⁰¹³). The surplus mineral in our body like calcium is critical for bones, muscles, and nerves (Emkey & Emkey,²⁰¹²). The functional role of different minerals is listed in Table2.

4.1. Reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD)

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a universal phrase for the state disturbing the heart or blood vessels. CVD, also known as heart and cardiac arrest, is equivalent to the state that influences your heart or blood flow. It is typically related to the accumulation of fat on the inside of blood vessels and a greater chance of blood clumps (Nangia et al.,²⁰¹⁶). It may also be interrelated with the destruction of the other parts of the body, for example, the heart, brain, eyes, and kidney. This covers hypertension, metabolic syndrome, muscle inactivity, diabetes mellitus, and other disorders. Coronary artery illness comprises situations that shrink or choke the arteries (coronary infarction) to your heart muscle (Kurian & Cardarelli,²⁰⁰⁷). The chief physiological threat components of cardiac infarction and failure are occurred due to more intake of unbalanced diet patterns, lack of exercise, smoking, and unfavorable use of liquor. The consequences of physiological hazards are high blood pressure, high blood glucose level, high lipid profile fleshiness, and chubbiness (American Diabetes Association,²⁰⁰⁵).Chia seeds’ contain omega‐3fattyacidsandantioxidantsthatcanbeusedasafunctional component aid in reducing the risk of CVD (Figure1).

Minimizing salt and alcohol utilization, and adding fruits, vegetables, and exercise in one’s life are indicated lowering the chance of cardiovascular ailment (Eilat‐Adar et al.,²⁰¹³). Moreover, medicinal treatment of hyperglycemia, high blood pressure, and lipids content are also essential in lowering and controlling the happening of this disorder. Health plans that generate favorable conditions for building healthy way‐outs, inexpensive, and convenient are necessary for stimulating people to maintain and encourage healthy habits (Psaty et al.,¹⁹⁹⁹).

Dietis a key factor in heart disease. Dietary‐based likelihoods involve overweight, hypertension, unchecked high blood glucose, and taking more animal fats in food. Diet rich in plant fats, soluble fibers, and organic food can significantly lower the origination of coronary diseases. Furthermore, low‐standard dietary foods are more in processed grains, salt, sugars, and saturated fats from animals; are limited in fresh fruits, vegetables, nuts, legumes; and are low in unprocessed grains (Bechthold et al.,²⁰¹⁹). They mostly contain refined food products usually prepared and fresh and contain few whole foods and newly made products (Popkin et al.,²⁰¹²; WHO,²⁰¹⁰). Considering the high energy and supplement thickness of seeds, the overall part of seeds in the prerural eating regimen is justifiable. Seeds are likewise especially significant in human nourishment because of their interesting piece of organically dynamic mixtures. It is significant that somewhat recently, a lot of logical proof depends on the advantageous impacts of the expanded utilization of plant seeds and inferred items on different well‐being results (mainly CVD, diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2), and intermediate markers) (Ros & Hu,²⁰¹³). The seed is a small embryonic plant encapsulated in a covering known as seed coat, which is the product of mature ovules of flowering plants after pollination and reproduction. The seed is composed of a complex external matrix and a germ rich in biologically active minerals, vitamins, and phytochemicals, which can protect the DNA of the plant from oxidative stress and promote the perpetuation of the species (Raven et al.,²⁰⁰⁵). Minimizing salt and alcohol utilization, adding fruits, vegetables and exercise in your life indicated in lowering the chance of CVD (Eila‐t Adar et al.,2013). Moreover, medicinal treatment of hyperglycemia, high blood pressure and lipids content are also essential in lowering and controlling the happening of this disorder. Health plans that generate favorable conditions for building healthy wayouts, inexpensive and convenience are necessary for stimulating people to maintain and encourage healthy habits (Psaty et al.,¹⁹⁹⁹).

4.2. Helpful in the gastrointestinal tract‐related diseases

The human digestive system comprises the gastrointestinal lot in addition to assistant stomach‐related organs. Absorption includes separating the food into more modest segments until it can be assimilated and consumed by the body. The digestive system is comprised of the gastrointestinal tract (likewise called the gastrointestinal parcel or stomach‐related lot), just as the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder (Hillman et al.,²⁰¹⁷). The gastrointestinal tract is a series of hollow organs that are connected to each other from the mouth to the anus. The empty organs that make up the gastrointestinal tract are the mouth, throat, stomach, small digestive tract, internal organ, and rear end (Manson et al.,²⁰⁰⁸). The primary capacity of the gastrointestinal tract is to process and assimilate ingested supplements and discharge digested waste (Kim & Pritts,²⁰¹⁷). The form of intake of most nutrients is too complicated, indigestible, or insoluble, making digestion difficult or impossible. Various diet modifiers, including live edible microbes (probiotics) and consumable food fixings (e.g., prebiotics), and polyphenols, are the most described organically dynamic mixtures in the eating regimen and have been demonstrated to be advantageous (Forootan et al.,²⁰¹⁸). Chia seeds are a likely wellspring of cancer prevention agents within the sight of chlorogenic corrosive, caffeic corrosive, myricetin, quercetin, and kaempferol. It is accepted to have heart and liver defensive against maturing and hostile to disease properties. It is likewise a significant wellspring of dietary fiber. It is wealthy in higher convergences of gainful unsaturated fatty acids, without gluten proteins, nutrients, minerals, and phenolic compounds, which are advantageous for the digestive system and to control diabetes (Ullah et al.,²⁰¹⁶).

Polyunsaturated unsaturated fats (PUFAs) (counting omega‐3 and omega‐6 unsaturated fats) and phytochemicals assume a significant part as naturally dynamic mixtures in a solid eating regimen (Laparra & Sanz,²⁰¹⁰). The balance of PUFA components in food affects all aspects of immunity and metabolism (Laparra & Sanz,²⁰¹⁰). Furthermore, the interaction among PUFAs and segments of the intestinal verdure can likewise influenced their natural impacts. Chia seeds containing omega‐3 unsaturated fatty acids have been related to a large group of physiological capacities in the human body. Phytochemicals (nonnutritive plant compounds with natural movement) have stood out because of their likely impact as cell reinforcements, antiestrogens, mitigating drugs, immunomodulators, and anticancer medications (Avrelija & Walter,²⁰¹⁰; Laparra & Sanz,²⁰¹⁰). The intestinal vegetation can be for instance, change and impact the bioavailability and impacts of polyphenols (Laparra & Sanz,²⁰¹⁰). Phytochemicals and their metabolites can also inhibit pathogenic bacteria (Avrelija & Walter,²⁰¹⁰; Laparra & Sanz,²⁰¹⁰), and simultaneously animate the development of gainful microorganisms, assuming a part like that of prebiotics. Cooperations between practical food fixings, for example, prebiotics, probiotics, phytochemicals, and intestinal greenery, affect human well‐being (Laparra & Sanz,²⁰¹⁰).

Intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) in the covering of the gastrointestinal tract make a hindrance between the outside and inner climate. A total intestinal hindrance forestalls tissue harm, microbe contamination, and infection improvement, in this manner keeping up intestinal well‐being and the general strength of the body. At the point when the capacity of the intestinal obstruction is upset, a bacterial movement can happened in the body. Our intestinal verdure assumes on a very basic level a significant part in well‐being, for instance, keeping up the uprightness of the intestinal hindrance, digestion, and directing the invulnerable framework. Any harm to the structure of the intestinal vegetation (otherwise called ailing health) can prompt different obsessive conditions. So, intestinal obstruction and intestinal verdure are two key factors that influence intestinal well‐being. The gastrointestinal tract is a perplexing climate presented to numerous dietary parts and harmonious microbes. Individuals are progressively aware that dietary ingredients can perform several beneficial functions in addition to basic nutrition, which has led to the improvement of the concept of purposeful foods. Many diet modifiers, comprising of live edible microbes (probiotics) and edible food ingredients (such as prebiotics) and polyphenols or symbiotics (combination of probiotics and prebiotics), are the best biologically active compounds in the diet. The role of the intestinal epithelium and intestinal flora in the defense response of the mucosa and the influence of certain functional components of food in the regulation of intestinal health including probiotics, prebiotics, and polyphenols (Wan et al.,²⁰¹⁹). Figure2 shows the functional role of chia seed components in the human gastrointestinal tract.

4.3. Cancer

A term for a disease in which abnormal cell division is uncontrolled and invades close by tissues. Cancer growth cells can spread to different parts of the body through the blood and lymphatic framework. There are a few primary types of cancer. the most common type is malignancy that starts in the skin or in the tissues or tissues that line interior organs. Sarcoma is another type of cancer that starts in the bones, ligaments, fat, muscles, veins, or other connective or backing tissues. Leukemia is a kind of disease that starts in the blood‐shaping tissues (like the bone marrow) and leads to an overproduction of abnormal blood cells lymphoma, and various myeloma are malignancies that begin in cells of the resistant framework. Tumor of focal sensory system is a serious disease that starts in the tissue of the mind and spinal string and, when extreme or dangerous can have exceptionally high death rate (Shaikh et al.,²⁰²¹; Steele,²⁰²¹). Symptoms and indications of cancer growth rely upon the particular sort and grade of disease. Although the overall manifestations and signs are not exceptionally clear, the accompanying conditions can be found in patients with various tumors: exhaustion, weight reduction, torment, changes in the skin, digestive system or changes in bladder work, strange dying, hack steady or changes in voice, fever, irregularities, or masses of tissue (Cleeland et al.,²⁰⁰³).

Omega‐3 fatty acids are additionally expected to give wholesome enhancements to malignant growth patients. Not at all like omega‐3 and omega‐6fattyacids have calming impacts and do not advance angiogenesis (Caughey et al.,¹⁹⁹⁶). Consequently, omega‐3 supplementation to patients gives the benefit of nourishment, particularly fat, without animating tumor development. In certain examinations (Colomer et al.,²⁰⁰⁷; van der Meij et al.,²⁰¹¹), omega‐3 supplementation may help to increase the weight of malignancy patients. Omega‐3 impacts improving cachexia in disease patients (Ries et al.,²⁰¹²). Notwithstanding, the admission of omega‐3 fatty acids causes genuine antagonistic responses (Arends et al.,²⁰¹⁷). Furthermore, antioxidants are very important in preventing cancer because they help to perevent free radical demage that have been associared with cancer cells development. Cancer prevention agents are synthetic compounds that block the movement of different synthetic compounds (called free radical) (Gupta et al.,²⁰¹⁴). Research scientist have shown that exogenous cell reinforcements can help free extreme harm related to disease improvement (Poljsak & Milisav,²⁰¹⁸). Some proof recommends that higher calcium may reduce the risk of cancer (particularly, colorectal disease). T Chia seeds are wealthy in fiber, protein, magnesium, manganese, and calcium, which is a phenomenal wellspring of cell reinforcements (Grancieri et al.,²⁰¹⁹). Chia seeds are a richest plant source of omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, which can forestall aggravation, improve psychological capacity, and lower cholesterol levels. Chia seeds are additionally rich in polyphenols got from caffeic acid, and these phenols are cell reinforcements that shield the body from free radicales, maturing, and malignancy. (De Falco et al.,²⁰¹⁷).

Chia seeds and oil are rich source of tocopherols, phytosterols, and carotenoids (Álvarez‐Chávez et al.,²⁰⁰⁸), and polyphenolic compounds (principally made out of primary units of caffeic acid and flavonoids), myricetin, quercetin, and kaempferol. The presence of these compounds have ability to scavenge free radicals, to chelate ions particles, and to give hydrogen. Specifically, the B‐ring of flavonoids is required to explain the unsystematically movement of ROS and RNS, since hydrogen and electrons are moved to hydroxyl, peroxy acid, and peroxynitrite to balance them out, subsequently producing generally stable flavonoid (Cao et al.,¹⁹⁹⁷). Table3 presented the functional role of chia seeds against different types of cancer. Reinforcements of cell forreducing the risk of infections, including cancer and coronary illness, and give assurance against specific sicknesses.

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