ON LANGUAGE (Published 1987) (2024)

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What are the 5 hypotheses of Stephen Krashen? ›

This document summarizes Stephen Krashen's theory of second language acquisition, which formed the basis for bilingual education in the US. The theory consists of 5 main hypotheses: 1) Acquisition-Learning, 2) Monitor, 3) Natural Order, 4) Input, and 5) Affective Filter.

One of the central themes of Yule's book is the idea that language is a complex system that can be analysed and understood through scientific methods. Yule introduces the key concepts of phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics, which are the building blocks of language structure.

The “Good Enough” approach to language comprehension assumes that listeners do not always engage in full detailed processing of linguistic input. Rather, the system has a tendency to develop shallow and superficial representations when confronted with some difficulty.

Monitor Hypothesis

Learners acquire grammatical structures in a natural order, but conscious language rules are not developed until later. Once a student has conscious knowledge of grammatical structures, they are able to edit, or self-monitor, oral and written language. This process requires adequate time to develop.

The natural order hypothesis is the idea that children learning their first language acquire grammatical structures in a pre-determined, 'natural' order, and that some are acquired earlier than others. This idea has been extended to account for second language acquisition in Krashen's theory of language acquisition.

It outlines six key properties of human language: reflexivity, displacement, arbitrariness, productivity, duality, and cultural transmission. These properties, such as the ability to reflect on language and communicate about things not present, distinguish human language from animal signals and cues.

In line with this, George Yule states that "speech act is action which is performed via utterances" [6; p. 48]. Here, people can accomplish an action by saying something. Through speech acts, the speaker can express physical action barely through words and phrases.

According to Brown and Yule (1989) , the interactional function of spoken language is to maintain social relationships, which promotes learners' participation. Therefore, it can be inferred that it was little interaction that decreased their excitement about these activities. ...

Ideally, the hypothesis-testing procedure leads to the acceptance of H₀ when H₀ is true and the rejection of H₀ when H₀ is false. Unfortunately, since hypothesis tests are based on sample information, the possibility of errors must be considered.

A well-defined hypothesis clearly states the dependent and independent variables of the study. Independent variables refer to the factors that the researchers are interested in studying or the possible “cause” of the change in the dependent variable.

What is a good hypothesis in psychology? ›

Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis

First, a good hypothesis must be testable and falsifiable. We must be able to test the hypothesis using the methods of science and if you'll recall Popper's falsifiability criterion, it must be possible to gather evidence that will disconfirm the hypothesis if it is indeed false.

The main criticisms of Krashen's Monitor Hypothesis are that it is too simplistic and needs further modification, and that subsequent experiments have shown that time is not a necessary factor for Monitoring, but a focus on syntactic form is. The paper does not mention any criticisms of Krashen's Monitor Hypothesis.

The input hypothesis. This states that learners progress in their knowledge of the language when they comprehend language input that is slightly more advanced than their current level. Krashen called this level of input "i+1", where "i" is the learner's interlanguage and "+1" is the next stage of language acquisition.

For instance, a preschool child already understands the phrase "Get your crayon." By slightly altering the phrase to "Get my crayons please," the teacher can provide an appropriate challenge— offering new information that builds off prior knowledge. Because it is only slightly different, it is comprehensible.

The Language Acquisition Device, or LAD, is part of Chomsky's acquisition hypothesis. The LAD is a system of principles that children are born with that helps them learn language, and accounts for the order in which children learn structures, and the mistakes they make as they learn.

Krashen's affective filter hypothesis (1985) suggests that language learners might be distracted by emotional factors in language learning process.

Comprehensible input is a linguistic theory first proposed by Stephen Krashen. Essentially, the comprehensible input theory states that second language learners need to be exposed to linguistic input that is just slightly above their current language level so that they can understand the new input.

The optimal input hypothesis assumes we acquire from input, not from output, and results in subconscious language acquisition. Krashen, S., Mason, B., and Smith, K.