Page 1: A View of a Male Bobwhite Quail Singing While Perched on a Fence Post
Above: A screenshot of the main page from the Quail Sounds lesson, which shows a male bobwhite quail singing while perched on a fence post. The menu button is on the bottom left of the page and the next button is on the bottom right page and will navigate to the next page in the lesson.
Page 2: A View of a Female Montezuma Quail
Above: A screenshot of the What is birdsong page from the lesson, showing a female Montezuma quail and a button asking, “What is birdsong?” An explanation is included below.
When we talk about birdsong, we are not referring to a single type of sound a bird makes but a complex series of notes that are, in a way, almost their own language. These songs are generally made by males toattract mates and to defend their territory. So how do birdsmake these amazing sounds?
Above: An image of a male red-winged blackbird singing while perched on a cattail. Photo credit: Chris Smith
Birds are able to produce these complex sounds because they have a special sound producing organ, or "voice box", called asyrinx.The syrinx hasa paired structure that allows them to sing two different notes simultaneously and to quickly make broad changes in their pitch. The exact structure of this organ can vary between different species, which helps create the extreme diversity we can see in birdsong.
Birds tend to have a large repertoire of bothsongsandcalls, but what is the difference between the two? Continue on to the next page to find out.
Page 3: A View of a Scaled Quail Walking Through Grasses and Forbs
Above: A screenshot of the Calls vs. Songs page from the lesson, showing a scaled quail and one button labeled Songs and one button labeled Calls. An explanation of each is included below.
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Songs
Songs tend to be more complex than calls and have aclear pattern, structure and rhythm.Birds will usually repeat songs continuously with a single theme, but they may also have variations. Birdsong is mainly used in relation tomating behaviors, whether that means defending territory, attracting potential mates or bonding with mates and young. For this reason mainly the males of species will sing most often, but not all birds sing! You can generally tell if a species will sing or not by itsbreeding habitat.
Above: An image of a dense forest. Photo credit: Paul Cooper
Birds that breed inlow visibility areas(such as the dense forest pictured above) will usually sing since they cannot see each other as easily and because sound is a more reliable form of communication compared to visual cues.
Above: An image of a flock of pelicans perched on a small rock in the ocean. Photo credit: Nathan Gibbs
Birds that breed inopen, high-visibility areas(such as the small, rocky island pictured above) generally don't sing since they are able to see each other more easily. This allows them to rely more on calls and visual cues for communication.
Calls
Callstend to bothshorter in length and simplerin structurethan songs. Calls also tend to be made by both sexes in many species and are heard throughout the year, not just during the breeding season. Birds usually have a wide range of calls they use in specific situations to communicate with one another.
Alarm or warning callsare used to warn each other of potential threats. These calls tend to be short and sharp (as you can see in the video below). They are often relatively quiet and high pitched so that an individual can warn others without the call carrying very far and alerting a predator of their location.
Contact callsare used by birds to keep in touch with one another and can usually be heard while individuals are foraging for food (as you can hear in the recording below). These calls can get louder and more urgent, turning into"separation calls"if individuals cannot find one another.
Flight callsare used by individuals to communicate back and forth while in flight. These calls tend to be highly musical and usually announce flocks as they pass overhead, as you can hear in this audio clip ofCanada geese flyingoverhead.
Above: An image of a flock of Canadian geese flying overhead. Photo credit: Herbling
Begging callsare used by young birds as a "feed me" noise to get the parents' attention. These calls tend to have regularly repeated notes and be quite high pitched.
Page 4: A View of a Male Bobwhite Quail Standing Among Some Grass and Forbs
Above: A screenshot of the Bobwhite quail sounds page from the lesson, which highlights some of the important sounds bobwhite quail make. Interactive elements are labeled, and the content from each element is included below.
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Song
The whistled"Bob-WHITE!"or "Poor-Bob-WHITE!"song (shown in the video below) is an iconic sound that used to be heard across the Texas prairies and grasslands, but it has become increasingly rare due to thecontinuing decline of quail populationsthroughout the state.
This song can be made by both males (roosters) and females (hens), but is mainly used by males during the spring breeding season. When a rooster sings it can stimulate other roosters in the area to begin singing and trigger what is calledantiphonal calling.
When a hen isready to mateshe will make a call that sounds very similar to the assembly call, but the notes are slightly slower and more drawn out than the normal assembly call.
This spring song is not only a joy to listen to; it can also be incredibly useful in helping to gaugethe breeding abundance of birdson your property. The best way to collect this kind of information is by conducting aspring whistle countduring May or early June. Once you have enough data,interpretationid quick and easy and allows you to track trends in your breeding "capital". These efforts are well worth your time to be able to see if your management is benefiting quail.
Assembly Call
Theassembly callis can commonly be heard after a covey of quail has been dispersed. Quail are quite the social bird once they have joined a covey for the fall, and the main function is to call members back to the group.
Alarm call
When a quail senses a threat they will begin to give analarm call. This call has very rapid notes and can vary in the speed and number of syllables based on the type of threat they perceive.
Each covey will have a designated leader. When the group faces a potential threat the leader will make a"tick-tick" callto help guide them away from danger.
Contact call
Roosters and hens will use both sharp whistles and softercontact callsto keep in touch with one another as they move and forage throughout the day. Adults will also use a soft tu-tu-tu call to point out potentialfood itemsto young chicks.
If a quail chick is in distress it will make adistress or separation call. When adult quail hear this sound they will readily come to the aid of the chick and try to fend off any potential threats.
Covey call
During the fall quail will form their social groups, calledcoveys. Thecovey callis the sound they will make as they wake up each morning, and it can generally be heardapproximately 40 minutes before sunrise.
Covey call countscan be used to estimate the size of the fall population or to provide a measurement of how many birds you should be hunting on your property. All it takes is getting up early, listening and recording.Our videoon morning quail counts delves into the exact methods so you can better estimate your property's quail population.
Page 5: A View of a Male Gambel’s Quail Perched in a Tree
Above: A screenshot of the Gambel’s quail sounds page from the lesson, which highlights some of the important sounds Gambel’s quail make. Interactive elements are labeled, and the content from each element is included below.
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Assembly call
Gambel's quail form coveys that usually consist of an adult pair and up to 16 young that will occupy a home range well into the fall months. In the winter months it is not unusual for several coveys to combine and feed together. Roosters and hens will both give a distinctive 3-4 noteassembly callwhen they become separated from their covey members.
Alarm call
Individuals will start to make a"chip-chip-chip"call when they sense potential threats near the covey. If there is a direct threat to an individual or the covey, the birds will give a"crear-crear"orsquawk alarm callas they flush away from danger.
Mating call
During the breeding season, Gambel's quail roosters will find an elevated perch - often a shrub, tree or fence post - to make theirmating call. This call consists of a"puk-kwaw-cah"call or a simplekaaand announces their availability to potential mates.
Page 6: A View of a Male Montezuma Quail Perched on a Rock
Above: A screenshot of the Montezuma quail sounds page from the lesson, which highlights some of the important sounds Montezuma quail make. Interactive elements are labeled, and the content from each element is included below.
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Song
Montezuma quail are quite secretive in nature and their song can be a bit eerie if you don't know what you are hearing while out in the field. The rooster will sing to advertise his territory to potential mates and rivals. Their song is described as a quavering whinny that sounds similar to anEastern Screech-Owl whinny,or as having a descending whistle combined with a short buzz at the end.
It will carry quite far for being so soft, so if you hear it as you're hiking around your property, the quail may be farther away than you think.
Distraction Call
Montezuma quail chicks are able to feed themselves almost immediately after they hatch, but they still need protection from their parents until they are fully grown. If the young become threatened, the parents will perform adistraction display and callto try to draw away potential predators.
Above: An image of a male Montezuma quail performing a distraction display. Photo credit: Andrew DuBois.
Assembly Call
Montezuma quailassemblycallsusually consist of a series of nine notes of quavering metallic whistles followed by a nearly inaudible ending. Roosters, hens and chicks will use this call to regroup with their covey after being flushed. This call has been described as "ventriloquial" because it can be difficult to determine the location of the bird based on the direction of the call.
Contact call
When Montezuma quail are foraging together they willcluckor make a"low chitter."These sounds will promptly cease when a covey sense any potential threats.
Page 7: A View of a Scaled Quail Perched in a Tree
Above: A screenshot of the Scaled quail sounds page from the lesson, which highlights some of the important sounds Scaled quail make. Interactive elements are labeled, and the content from each element is included below.
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Mating call
The mating call of scaled quail roosters is quite simple compared to the 2-3 note song of the northern bobwhite. Roosters will give either a repeated, squealing"whock!"call or a"whock!" with an added "chip-churr"during the breeding season. You will most often find them perched on top of a fence post as they try to attract females.
Scaled quail roosters tend not to call as frequently as bobwhite roosters, but you can still usespring whistle call countsto get an idea of the breeding population abundance on your property.
Contact calls
The most frequently heard call roosters and hens will make is the"chip-chir"or"tuck-too"call. This a nasally and rhythmic call with a higher first note and a lower second note. In western parts of Texas, locals will sometimes call this the "Pe-cos" call in reference to the Pecos River.
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